Freedom-Determinism Debate - 1726 Words

The controversy between freewill and determinism has been argued about for years. Freewill is defined as the belief that our behaviour is under our own control and do not act in response to any internal or external factors. Freewill has been found to have four different conditions and to have freewill at least two conditions must be obtained, these are; people have a choice on their actions, have not been coerced by anything or anyone, have full voluntary and deliberate control of what they do. One example of freewill in psychology is Humanism. The humanists are in favour of freewill as they believe that humans arent ever determined to behave in a certain way. According to Maslow (1950) we all strive for self-actualisation, which is†¦show more content†¦For example, Skinner (1938) argues that since people are the result of their conditioning, and will get conditioned by their upbringing and environments anyway, we should control peoples upbringing and environments as much as possible to ensure that their conditioning is positive. He suggested that positive and negative reinforcement should be applied to this task. Unlike Skinner, Lorenz (1963) says that unconscious forces determine our behaviour. These forces are built into human nature by evolution. However these forces are quite unpleasant. For example, Lorenz holds that aggression and territoriality and sexual competition are innate instinctive drives. Hence, we are destined to want unconsciously to dominate others by violence, whether we consciously want to or not. Similarly Freuds psychoanalytic theory of personality in the psychodynamic approach, suggests that adult behaviour is determined by innate drives and early experiences. This gives support to the view that our behaviour can be determined, however has little empirical support as its based mainly on case studies. Biological approach is genetic deterministic. Its been found that there is some genetic link to schizophrenia and depressions, meaning the genes are determining the future of the individual. This has consequences such as maybe a prenatal test in the future could determine whether an unborn child has the schizophrenia gene. Research into the human genome is producing increasingShow MoreRelatedEssay on Freedom-Determinism debate1689 Words   |  7 PagesFreedom-Determinism Debate The controversy between freewill and determinism has been argued about for years. Freewill is defined as the belief that our behaviour is under our own control and do not act in response to any internal or external factors. Freewill has been found to have four different conditions and to have freewill at least two conditions must be obtained, these are; people have a choice on their actions, have not been coerced by anything or anyone, have full voluntary and deliberateRead MoreFilm Analysis of Minority Report Essay968 Words   |  4 Pagestraditional view of man, what distinguishes him from animals is his freedom to choose between one course of action and another, his freedom to seek good and avoid evil. The animal has no freedom, but is determined by physical and biological laws; like a machine, the animal responds whenever the appropriate stimulus is present† (Bolles 1963, p.182). In Minority Report (2002) one of the main issues is free will versus determinism. Is there s ome point that people can and do change their mind whileRead MoreAnalysis Of The Philosophical Concepts Of Determinism And Free Will1711 Words   |  7 Pagesof action.The debate and arguments that surround free will have occupied philosophers for many centuries. Many scholars believe that the concept of free will is connected to the concept of responsibility, guilt, sin and other judgments that apply to the actions that are freely chosen by people. Other philosophers also link free will to the concept of persuasion, prohibition and advice that make no point unless different possible results arise from the courses of action. Determinism, on the otherRead MoreCompatibilism vs. Imcompatibilism: Is There Really Free Will1043 Words   |  5 Pages　　Compatibilists and Incompatibilists debate determinism and free will. Determinism is the idea that our actions are determined by past events. In other words, in our present state we do not have control over our actions and th ey are pre-determined. Only one thing can happen given a certain condition and nothing else can occur. Determinism seems to pose a problem because it tests the possibility that we do not have free will or control over our actions because with certain conditions there can onlyRead MoreThe Basic Theories Of The Free Will1095 Words   |  5 Pagesmake. When viewing perspective we can decided that ultimately what around can shape us to do good or bad. This question ultimately leads us to an overwhelming question when it comes to the freedom we have in life and if we truly are free to choose. There are three basic theories involved in the free will debate. Determined being the first one all our choices are caused by preexisting events. Determination is based that free will that humans can t even act otherwise based on predetermined decisionRead MoreThe Case Of The Unwilling Addict1479 Words   |  6 Pagesbolster this case, I will argue for the Principle of Alternative Possibilities by re-evaluating Frankfurt’s case of the Unwilling Addict. I will then refute the notion of determinism by referring to Wolf’s JoJo example by taking a compatibilist approach. In 1971, Harry Frankfurt wrote his second most influential paper on free-will. Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person asks; what is it to be a person? In Frankfurt’s view, one essential difference between persons and non-human animals is to beRead MoreWilliam James on Free Will1537 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosophy and psychology (in which he officiated as a formal study through lectures) (Goodman, 2009). As did many philosophers, Jamesian thinking seeded many discussions on various philosophical topics such as metaphysics, morality, free will-determinism, religion and the afterlife; however, what truly made his ideas notable was his uncanny ability to borrow and integrate knowledge from branches of physiology, psychology and philosophy to weave new insights and dimensions onto traditional philosophicalRead MoreDavid Hume s Theory Of Free Will1559 Words   |  7 Pagesthinkers. Hard determinism bases its viewpoint on the strict theory of causality, rejecting the idea of free will. On the contrary, Libertarianism opposes this, supporting the concept of free will and denying that a deterministic universe exists. Both of these arguments adhere to incompatibilism as they refute the coexistence of both notions. Subsequently, 18th century Scottish philosopher David Hume (1748) procured his influential proposal of compatibilism, attempting to resolve the debate as he arguesRead MoreDeterminism Vs. Free Will1341 Words   |  6 PagesDeterminism is a doctrine suggesting that for every event there exist conditions that could cause no alternative event. Free will is a philosophical term describing a particular sort of capacity of rational agents to choose a course of action from among various alternatives. Understandably, the dichotomy between these two concepts is a topic philosophers have debated over for many years. As a result of these debates, a number of alternative philosophical perspectives arguing for the existence ofRead More oundation or Indivi dual in a Determinate Universe1627 Words   |  7 Pagesof compatibility of determinism and the freedom of human choice. This problem becomes apparently an isoluble paradox if one admits that the notion of freedom of human choice includes negation of the predetermination of decisions taken. Denial of such an inclusion is based on an analysis of the reasons that have led to the notion of freedom of human choice. Basically, this notion is intimately linked with the actual mechanism of decision-making. However, the concept of freedom of human choice is

Anti Tobacco Advertisements And Effects On Quitting...

In the article â€Å"Recall of Anti-Tobacco Advertisements and Effects on Quitting Behavior: Results from the California Smokers Cohort† the authors try to research if anti-tobacco television advertisements with personal message can be recall by the person and have a greater impact on smoking cessation. The authors felt that this was an important topic to study because they were concern about the dangers of smoking tobacco. According to Leas et al. (2015) â€Å"Nondaily smoking and second-hand smoke exposure can lead to the same negative health consequences that result from daily smoking†(p.90). As a result, the authors engage in a cohort study where they use anti-tobacco advertisements to see which advertisement has a greater recall on smokers, and haves greater effect on smoking cessation. The authors engage in a Cohort study, because this study is being observed for a long period of time and data is being collected from a group of people who are current smokers. The researchers are testing what happens to the person that has been expose to a particular anti-tobacco ad. There are 4 ads; Stages, Don’t stop fighting, Trapped, and The Emerging Men. The specific kinds of data the authors use to answer their research questions was the follow ups and the interviews. These data was collected through advertisement recall, quitting behavior, and covariates. The advertisement recall, help the authors know which advertisement in the past 60 days they remember and the participants answer byShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:

Research Methods for V Non-Sampling Errors- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theResearch Methods for V Non-Sampling Errors. Answer: Are attitudes too complex and transient to measure? The purpose of the attitude scale is to accurately measure the values of individual outlook in better accurate levels. The research methods are highly dependent on the behavior of the sample groups, which are considered to be the essential elements in getting the added information. The responses that are provided by the people within a community can vary depending upon the attitude of individual. The complex nature of the attitude is mainly due to the frequent changes that occur within the due course. High level of accuracy is needed in order to measure the transient nature of social attitude. It will therefore be possible to bring about changes in the data of the research work that will help to improve the authenticity and validity of the same. Investigation quality within the project depends upon the ability of the investigators to predict the changes in the attitude. For marketing or business research the data analysis is mainly dependent on the attitudes that are being measured in each case. This is believed to be highly critical as the change in the behavior or attitude can have significant impact on to the marketing research work. Hence, it is also not possible to have a generalized statistical parameter of measuring the research attitude due to its frequent changing attitude. It is important to measure the change in the attitude, which is also considered difficult. This is one of the challenging tasks as the attitude of the people within the same sample group can vary hugely. The different type of errors that includes the sampling and non-sampling errors are mainly caused due to the high level of variance in the attitude of the samples. Sampling errors V non-sampling errors The sampling errors are the one that are caused due to estimation of result from the subset within a population. This is mainly caused due to the fact that the investigators do not include all types of people of community within the sample. This can result in higher level of errors within the different research works that are conducted within the same community. This is due to the difference in the attitude of public within the community. This error is mainly caused due to the mistake in selection of the sample size. There is also chance that within the chosen sample many of the respondents do no chose to provide any form of answers. Hence, with less volume of data, the chance of error is quite high. On the other hand, the non-sampling errors are caused due to difference within the value of the data that are collected with that of the actual values. Unlike the sampling errors, the non-sampling ones are not dependent on the sample size and the choice of sample. The sampling error can be minimized but increasing the size of the sample. The non-sampling ones can be decreased by improving the level of accuracy in the process of data collection. The chance of detecting the non-sampling errors is quite low as it is not possible to measure the parameters of accuracy. It is also virtually impossible for the investigators to eliminate the chance of occurrence the non-sampling errors. Nevertheless, both types of errors ultimately affect the accuracy level within the research work. It is also essential to make use of the advanced automation process that is required minimize the errors that are caused due to non-sampling ones.

Inventory System Essay Example

Inventory System Essay Inventory System Rochelle Joyce Camalig Aljay Saraga Edlyn Hainto Mark Ulysses Bayot Paul John Parrenas Acknowledgement The group would like to acknowledge Mr. Danillo Albay, SAD professor, for giving our team the opportunity to create this system. The group also acknowledge the company Golden Key Auto Supply and General Merchandise for letting us examine its system. I. Mission and Vision Mission As a wholesaler and retailer of automotive spare parts, the company aims to serve the needs and requirement of various type of automobile. It aims to provide high quality parts and materials for the proper maintenance and repairs of the vehicle. Vision The business envisions itself to become the number automotive parts supplies in the Cavite region. II. Organizational Chart III. Historical Background: The Golden Key Auto Supply is a Filipino business. Based in Dasmarinas, Cavite, the auto supply was founded by Salvador E. Young in June 1999. The Youngs family was in the automotive parts dealer for almost forty years. It started at Sorsogon, Sorsogon in 1976 and had established branches at Samar, Tabaco Albay and in Makati. As the family migrated to Cavite, they decided to put up the Golden key Auto Supply at Dasmarinas, Cavite. In 2008, they renamed the business to saviour Auto supply. IV. Background of the Study Many auto supplies nowadays usually lack an efficient inventory system. This is usually because most small time dealers don’t care much about the existing system due to the reason that the business is still small and just growing. This is why in unexpected incidents such as lost of certain items, problems arise. This shows the importance of inventory systems in such businesses. We will write a custom essay sample on Inventory System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Inventory System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Inventory System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The purpose of this study is to construct an efficient inventory system for Golden Key Auto Supply. Golden Key Auto Supply was a part of Young’s Auto Supply. It often encounters problems regarding its inventory system. Usually, some items disappear without any record. This is why items should be tracked properly. These problems occur because the company follows no officially established system. They just keep a record of the sales which they determine using the receipts. But they also admitted that not all items are being given receipts. This is the reason why the record becomes unreliable. Another problem is that they only keep one copy of the record. Having no back up files may result to loss of data. With these regards, the group decided to work on a system for Golden Key Auto Supply. V. Statement of the Problem A company, especially a company that sells items should have an efficient inventory system. Companies that do not have strong inventory system may lead into bankruptcy due to the sneaking out products. The first problem of the Golden Key Auto Supply and General Merchandise is that it has no established inventory system. Many small companies have also his kind of problem. They say that they have a system that can organize the flow of their inventory but this system does not followed all the time. So the tendency is, the information needed to make an inventory report is not very accurate. And in this matter continues, the company may shrink down to bankruptcy. Another problem is lacking of safe keeping of the company’s records. Records are essential to m ake an inventory report. So if the company’s record are lost, or changed, company may suffer from difficulties in recording and retrieving their record of transactions, purchase and etc. The result is data can be corrupted to use it for steal the company’s capital and earning. The third fatal problem of the company is not all the items sold are not being given receipts. This may affect the records. The group got information from the company itself that the low cost items are sometimes being taken for granted and not being given receipts. This might be only seem small, but if these build up, this will result to a significant loss. VI. General Objectives: Generally, this proposal intends: . To give the company chosen an inventory system to lessen the errors in their inventory report To make the company’s inventory system more organized through our proposal Specifically this proposal intends: . To make sure that all the products that was stored safely . To made the inventory report and auditing accurate. . To ensure that the product s and the inventory are well recorded . To avoid the product stealing inside the company . To stable the flow of the products running inside and outside the company VII. Proposal: The current system followed by the Golden Key Auto Supply is proven inefficient due to the problems that aroused. In this regard, the group roposes a system that will substitute the current system. The researchers proposed an automated inventory system. This system will help the company in tracing the items/products supplied and sold to the costumer. The researchers also think that this system can avoid products stealing inside the company and it can help the company to made accurate inventory report. This system will help them to organize their inventory system. VIII. Paradigm The paradigm used in this study is the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) because it is easier and more systematic than the other paradigm. The SDLC have five phases, Planning Phase, Analysis Phase, Design Phase, Development Phase and Implementation Phase. In the Planning Phases, we gathered all the requirements needed for the system. Since the system is an inventory system, research about the company’s existing system wad conducted. The group found out that Golden Key Auto Supply and General Merchandise has no officially established system. Knowing this, the group started with sending questionnaires to the company’s proprietor to gather all the information needed. In the Analysis Phase, the group divide the task needed. One of the task is the interview the owner of the company, one of the group so this task and in the other member try to analyze the gathered data. The group also used some related issues and article s from the internet to analyze the system of the company. In the Design Phase, the group had an overview of the company’s system using different diagram. The diagrams used are Data Flow Diagram, Hierarchal Input and Output, Input and Output, Entity Relation Diagram and the System Flow Chart. All this diagrams used to understand deeper the system needs by the company. The group design a proper inputting, processing and outputting of the new items for the company. In the Development Phase, the group constructed the system that will be able to help the company with its inventory. As the group knows that the company’s inventory system is done manually so that the group proposed to the company helps to organize the inventory system. Implementation and maintenance will take place if the system is accepted. The researchers conclude that the proposed system can help them in providing an accurate inventory that there not going to think about the stealing of products. IX. Diagrams This study focuses only to the inventory system of Golden Key Auto Supplies and General Merchandise. The researchers of this study make different diagrams to show the relationship between entities in the company. This study used five major diagrams – Data Flow Diagram (DFD), Hierarchal Input, Process and Output (HIPO), Input, Process and Output (IPO), Entity – Relationship Diagram (ERD) and the System Flow Chart. Data Flow Diagram Data -flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the flow of data through an information system. DFDs can also be used for the visualization of data processing (structured design). Golden Key Auto Supply and General Merchandise’s data flow diagram shows the graphical representation of the inventory system. The company order their supplies from the supplier and record the arrival of the ordered supplies. They record it manually using a notebook that all the supplies are listed. After listing it to the notebook they put it on the stock room. When a customer order an items to the company, the sales man check the availability of the item to the stockroom and if it is available they subtract the item purchased by the customer. Then the costumer gives the payment and the company issues receipt. Hierarchal Input, Process and Output The HIPO (Hierarchy plus Input-Process-Output) technique is a tool for planning and/or documenting a computer program. A HIPO model consists of a hierarchy chart that graphically represents the program’s control structure and a set of IPO (Input-Process-Output) charts that describe the inputs to, the outputs from, and the functions (or processes) performed by each module on the hierarchy chart. This diagram shows the HIPO of the company. It shows that the inventory system of the company has a simple input, process and output. In the input, is the supplier supply one or many item it update the stocks of the company, then in the process, the update stocks must generate reports and its output will manage the date. Input, Process and Output Input, Process and Output (IPO) is used to show the simple inputting, processing and outputting of data in the company. Golden Key Auto Supply and General Merchandise use this IPO chart. In this diagram, new item is added to the stockroom. The item ordered by the customer is subtracted to the stock room and the company generate receipts and the receipts are used for making the Inventory Reports that forms a Inventory File. Entity Relationship Diagram An entity-relationship (ER) diagram is a specialized graphic that illustrates the interrelationships between entities. ER diagrams often use symbols to represent three different types of information. Boxes are commonly used to represent entities. Diamonds are normally used to represent relationships and ovals are used to represent attributes. System Flowchart X. Recommendation: Since the current system did not serve its purpose of solving the inventory problems, the group recommends our system to be used by the company, Golden Key Auto Supply and General Merchandise. The manual system used by the company is not very effective since the inventory data is kept unsafe, with no back up file. In our system, an automated system will be used. This system produces hardcopies and back up files of all the files needed for inventory. This system’s cost is suitable enough for a small company. XI. Conclusion After the group have examined the system of the current system of the company and after the group have developed a system, the group arrived at a conclusion that the use of manual system is not very effective. This is because some of the steps maybe skipped due to unexpected circumstances, like an employee forgetting a certain step or having some data loss. In an automated system, the steps will have to be followed because its sequence will be recorded electronically. Time will also be used efficiently because the adding and subtracting of items from the inventory will be done by a computer. XII. Appendixes Appendix A Gantt Charts Planning Analysis Design Development Evaluation Appendix B Questionnaires 1. What kinds of products are you selling? Our company are selling auto spare parts and accessories of the different types of cars. 2. Specify the products being sold. 3. Which products are usually purchased? 4. How many suppliers do you have? 5. Specify the suppliers from whom you get your products. 6. Do you have any other branches? 7. Do the branches coordinate with each other for the products? 8. Do you offer other services rather than your products? 9. Give us an estimate on the number of items sold each day. 0. Are you associated with other companies? 11. Do you keep a record of your daily sales? 12. Are the records kept safe? 13. Do you keep your own copies of each receipt? 14. Are all items sold being given a receipt? 15. Do you regularly monitor the number of products you have in your inventory? 16. Do you use a manual or an automated system for your inventory? 17. How are the i tems stocked arranged? 18. Do you have anyway of knowing whether an item is missing? 19. Where there any case wherein the sales were affected because of a problem in the inventory? 20. What do you do in such cases?